mplot3d
因为梯度下降算法需要绘制 3 维图像，故学习之，日后借鉴。
本文稿翻译自 mplot3d tutorial — Matplotlib 2.0.2 documentation。
使用 matplotlib 绘制 3D 图像，一般要加入一个新的 axes 类型 Axes3D:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
其中的ax，就是添加一个三维坐标系Axes3D的对象，如下图所示
3D 图形分为如下几类：
线形图
Axes3D.plot(xs,ys,args,kwargs)
绘制 2D 或者 3D 的数据。
Argument Description
xs, ys x, y coordinates of vertices
zs z value(s), either one for all points or one for each point.
zdir Which direction to use as z (‘x’, ‘y’ or ‘z’) when plotting a 2D set.
关键参数传给了plot()函数，例如下面的代码
import matplotlib as mpl
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
mpl.rcParams['legend.fontsize'] = 10
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
theta = np.linspace(-4 * np.pi, 4 * np.pi, 100)
z = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)
r = z**2 + 1
x = r * np.sin(theta)
y = r * np.cos(theta)
ax.plot(x, y, z, label='parametric curve')
ax.legend()
plt.show()
绘制的图形如下
line3d
从这个例子可以看出，matplot 画图的基本步骤包括：导入必要的模块，创建 figure 对象，设置 3D 的 ax，创建自变量，写出函数关系式，绘制图形。
散点图
Axes3D.scatter(xs, ys, zs=0, zdir='z', s=20, c=None, depthshade=True, *args, **kwargs)
Argument Description
xs, ys Positions of data points.
zs Either an array of the same length as xs and ys or a single value to place all points in the same plane. Default is 0.
zdir Which direction to use as z (‘x’, ‘y’ or ‘z’) when plotting a 2D set.
s Size in points^2. It is a scalar or an array of the same length as x and y.
c A color. c can be a single color format string, or a sequence of color specifications of length N, or a sequence of Nnumbers to be mapped to colors using the cmap and norm specified via kwargs (see below). Note that c should not be a single numeric RGB or RGBA sequence because that is indistinguishable from an array of values to be colormapped. c can be a 2-D array in which the rows are RGB or RGBA, however, including the case of a single row to specify the same color for all points.
depthshade Whether or not to shade the scatter markers to give the appearance of depth. Default is True.
关键参数传给了scatter()函数，如下面的例子
'''
3D scatterplot
Demonstration of a basic scatterplot in 3D.
'''
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def randrange(n, vmin, vmax):
'''
Helper function to make an array of random numbers having shape (n, )
with each number distributed Uniform(vmin, vmax).
'''
return (vmax - vmin)*np.random.rand(n) + vmin
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
n = 100
For each set of style and range settings, plot n random points in the box
defined by x in [23, 32], y in [0, 100], z in [zlow, zhigh].
for c, m, zlow, zhigh in [('r', 'o', -50, -25), ('b', '^', -30, -5)]:
xs = randrange(n, 23, 32)
ys = randrange(n, 0, 100)
zs = randrange(n, zlow, zhigh)
ax.scatter(xs, ys, zs, c=c, marker=m)
ax.set_xlabel('X Label')
ax.set_ylabel('Y Label')
ax.set_zlabel('Z Label')
plt.show()
这个函数里画了 2 组散点图，分别用其中的小三角和红色的圆点表示。函数randrange产生[vmin,vmax]上的均匀分布的一列数。如下图所示
scatter
线框图
Axes3D.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, args, kwargs)
绘制 3D 的线框图，其中的参数rstride和cstride表示对输入数据的采样，它们不能和rcount以及ccount同时使用，不然会产生错误，后者表示从输入数据中采样多少以生成线框图。
Argument Description
X, Y, Data values as 2D arrays
Z
rstride Array row stride (step size), defaults to 1
cstride Array column stride (step size), defaults to 1
rcount Use at most this many rows, defaults to 50
ccount Use at most this many columns, defaults to 50
关键参数传给了Linecollection，返回一个Line3DCollection的类。举例如下
'''
3D wireframe plot
A very basic demonstration of a wireframe plot.
'''
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
Grab some test data.
X, Y, Z = axes3d.get_test_data(0.05)
Plot a basic wireframe.
ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, rstride=10, cstride=10)
plt.show()
绘制图形如下
frame
其中rstride和cstride分别代表采样的密度，这里是每隔 10 个点计算一个 Z 值，如果设置成 1，绘制的图形会更密集，如下图所示
表面图
Axes3D.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, *args, **kwargs)
默认使用纯色为阴影着色，不过它也可以通过 cmap 支持颜色映射。
Argument Description
X, Y, Z Data values as 2D arrays
rstride Array row stride (step size)
cstride Array column stride (step size)
rcount Use at most this many rows, defaults to 50
ccount Use at most this many columns, defaults to 50
color Color of the surface patches
cmap A colormap for the surface patches.
facecolors Face colors for the individual patches
norm An instance of Normalize to map values to colors
vmin Minimum value to map
vmax Maximum value to map
shade Whether to shade the facecolors
其他的参数传给Ploy3DCollection，举例如下
'''
3D surface (color map)
Demonstrates plotting a 3D surface colored with the coolwarm color map.
The surface is made opaque by using antialiased=False.
Also demonstrates using the LinearLocator and custom formatting for the
z axis tick labels.
'''
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.ticker import LinearLocator, FormatStrFormatter
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
Make data.
X = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
Y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)
R = np.sqrt(X2 + Y2)
Z = np.sin(R)
Plot the surface.
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap=cm.coolwarm,
linewidth=0, antialiased=False)
Customize the z axis.
ax.set_zlim(-1.01, 1.01)
ax.zaxis.set_major_locator(LinearLocator(10))
ax.zaxis.set_major_formatter(FormatStrFormatter('%.02f'))
Add a color bar which maps values to colors.
fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)
plt.show()
绘制图形如下
plot3d
参考图形知道cm用来做 color mapping，重新设置arange的步长为 0.01，可以得到如下的图形
表面光滑细致多了。
2D/3D 图形共存
这篇文章主要是用来画 3 维图形的，以上的几个图形已经够用，下面介绍一些其他的技能。现在的是在 2D 中画 3D 图形。直接上代码和图像
"""
Plot 2D data on 3D plot
Demonstrates using ax.plot's zdir keyword to plot 2D data on
selective axes of a 3D plot.
"""
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
Plot a sin curve using the x and y axes.
x = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)
y = np.sin(x * 2 * np.pi) / 2 + 0.5
ax.plot(x, y, zs=0, zdir='z', label='curve in (x,y)')
Plot scatterplot data (20 2D points per colour) on the x and z axes.
colors = ('r', 'g', 'b', 'k')
x = np.random.sample(20*len(colors))
y = np.random.sample(20*len(colors))
c_list = []
for c in colors:
c_list.append([c]*20)
By using zdir='y', the y value of these points is fixed to the zs value 0
and the (x,y) points are plotted on the x and z axes.
ax.scatter(x, y, zs=0, zdir='y', c=c_list, label='points in (x,z)')
Make legend, set axes limits and labels
ax.legend()
ax.set_xlim(0, 1)
ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
ax.set_zlim(0, 1)
ax.set_xlabel('X')
ax.set_ylabel('Y')
ax.set_zlabel('Z')
Customize the view angle so it's easier to see that the scatter points lie
on the plane y=0
ax.view_init(elev=20., azim=-35)
plt.show()
2d/3d
从上面的代码，可以看出如何设置坐标轴的取值范围，设置 label 的方法。
加入文字
Axes3D.text(x, y, z, s, zdir=None, **kwargs)
在画图中我们可能需要在特定位置加入文字说明，下面就是一个例子
'''
Text annotations in 3D
Demonstrates the placement of text annotations on a 3D plot.
Functionality shown:
- Using the text function with three types of 'zdir' values: None,
an axis name (ex. 'x'), or a direction tuple (ex. (1, 1, 0)). - Using the text function with the color keyword.
- Using the text2D function to place text on a fixed position on the ax object.
'''
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
Demo 1: zdir
zdirs = (None, 'x', 'y', 'z', (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1))
xs = (1, 4, 4, 9, 4, 1)
ys = (2, 5, 8, 10, 1, 2)
zs = (10, 3, 8, 9, 1, 8)
for zdir, x, y, z in zip(zdirs, xs, ys, zs):
label = '(%d, %d, %d), dir=%s' % (x, y, z, zdir)
ax.text(x, y, z, label, zdir)
Demo 2: color
ax.text(9, 0, 0, "red", color='red')
Demo 3: text2D
Placement 0, 0 would be the bottom left, 1, 1 would be the top right.
ax.text2D(0.05, 0.95, "2D Text", transform=ax.transAxes)
Tweaking display region and labels
ax.set_xlim(0, 10)W
ax.set_ylim(0, 10)
ax.set_zlim(0, 10)
ax.set_xlabel('X axis')
ax.set_ylabel('Y axis')
ax.set_zlabel('Z axis')
plt.show()
text